Tamaño del gasto público colombiano y efectos sobre el crecimiento económico (1970-2017).

Carrillo Díaz, Fredy Alejandro | 2019

El presente documento tiene como propósito evaluar el efecto del gasto público total del gobierno general y sus componentes de inversión y consumo final, sobre el crecimiento económico en Colombia para el periodo (1970-2017). Esto permitirá determinar cuál de los componentes del gasto, tiene un impacto mayor sobre el crecimiento económico. Desde la literatura, se pueden encontrar modelos teóricos como los propuestos por (Barro, 1990) y (Sala-i-Martin, 2000), en donde se incluye al capital y al gasto público como factores del producto de la economía. A partir de dichos modelos, se construye una estimación econométrica basada en la metodología de la función de producción y usando Mínimos Cuadrados en dos etapas (MC2E), para ver la relación causal entre las variables. De esto se concluye que el gasto es productivo, pero más allá de un nivel, es un freno a la producción. Además, no hay existencia de relación de “U invertida” propuesta por los autores del marco teórico.

Teaching maintenance of medical devices in simulation centers: a pilot study

Quiroga Torres, Daniel Alejandro | 2016

This paper aims to measure what the students’ perceived learning outcome achievements are after finishing medical devices courses I and II. This is a pre- post-test with no control group study design. Twenty-four students doing medical devices courses I and II with a test in the simulation center of a Biomedical Engineering Program participated in this pilot study. A paper-based survey composed of a demographic and 5-point Likert (“1” is strongly disagree and “5” is strongly agree) measured the students’ perceived learning outcome achievements after exposing them to medical devices courses. A Wilcoxon signed-rank test and Mann-Whitney U Test statistics were conducted to test the two hypotheses of this study. Our analysis showed statistically significant results between the pre-survey sum mean and SD: 7.50, 1.31; and between the post-survey mean and SD: 8.56, 1.15, p=0.015, indicating the students’ perceived learning outcome achievements after putting them through medical devices courses I and II had significantly improved by the end of the courses. Also, no statistically significant results were found between the post-survey mean and SD: 4.37, 0.57 learning outcome perceptions or between the students’ actual marks mean and SD: 4.58, 0.18, p=0.28), indicating no differences between what the students perceived they had learned compared with what they had really learned.

Tecnologías de Información como apoyo a la Estrategia De las Instituciones Prestadoras de Salud en Colombia

Cerinza, Daniel | 2019

La tecnología al servicio del negocio, no el negocio al servicio de la tecnología. Es importante tener clara esta relación para que las tecnologías de Información (TI) son un generador de beneficios en las organizaciones. En este artículo se habla de la importancia de las tecnologías de información en las instituciones prestadoras de salud, la arquitectura empresarial (AE) en este sector. Este tipo de proyectos es bastante ambicioso por lo cual surge la necesidad de mostrar una manera de identificar y medir los posibles beneficios que se pueden llegar a generar. Finalmente se plantea una posible metodología para construir un modelo que identifique y mida los beneficios del uso de las TI en una organización prestadora de servicios de salud.

Tecnologías de Información como apoyo a la estrategia de las instituciones prestadoras de salud en Colombia

Ospina-Becerra, Victoria Eugenia | 2015

La tecnología al servicio del negocio, no el negocio al servicio de la tecnología. Es importante tener clara esta relación para que las tecnologías de Información (TI) son un generador de beneficios en las organizaciones. En este artículo se habla de la importancia de las tecnologías de información en las instituciones prestadoras de salud, la arquitectura empresarial (AE) en este sector. Este tipo de proyectos es bastante ambicioso por lo cual surge la necesidad de mostrar una manera de identificar y medir los posibles beneficios que se pueden llegar a generar. Finalmente se plantea una posible metodología para construir un modelo que identifique y mida los beneficios del uso de las TI en una organización prestadora de servicios de salud.

Tecnologías de Información como apoyo a la Estrategia De las Instituciones Prestadoras de Salud en Colombia

Cerinza, Daniel | 2015

La tecnología al servicio del negocio, no el negocio al servicio de la tecnología. Es importante tener clara esta relación para que las tecnologías de Información (TI) son un generador de beneficios en las organizaciones. En este artículo se habla de la importancia de las tecnologías de información en las instituciones prestadoras de salud, la arquitectura empresarial (AE) en este sector. Este tipo de proyectos es bastante ambicioso por lo cual surge la necesidad de mostrar una manera de identificar y medir los posibles beneficios que se pueden llegar a generar. Finalmente se plantea una posible metodología para construir un modelo que identifique y mida los beneficios del uso de las TI en una organización prestadora de servicios de salud.

La teoría de la Rent Seeking: una herramienta para la evaluación y análisis de la política económica.

Cortés Aguas, Kenneth Leonardo | 2017

En este trabajo aclaramos el concepto de rent seeking y presentamos una agrupación de los principales desarrollos de la teoría, su origen y alcance. Esto con el objetivo de motivar investigaciones posteriores para explicar las principales problemáticas de Colombia. Encontramos que el concepto puede extenderse a la aplicación de varios campos de la economía, entre los cuales, la mayor contribución ha sido sobre la política de comercio exterior. En todo caso, la teoría de la rent seeking, ofrece una herramienta para la evaluación y análisis de políticas económicas adecuadas para el desarrollo de cualquier sector, región o país.

Técnica de reducción de escala estadística basada en la teoría del caos: aplicación y desempeño en la cuenca del río Bogotá

Duarte Prieto, Freddy Santiago | 2017

En el presente trabajo se introduce una nueva técnica de reducción de escala estadística basada en los conceptos de caos determinístico y sincronización de sistemas dinámicos, así como su aplicación y desempeño en la cuenca del rio Bogotá. Dos fuentes de información climáticas fueron utilizadas en el proceso con diferentes intervalos de acumulación: la primera corresponde a 47 estaciones Pluviograficas del IDEAM, (1970-2016, diarios) y la segunda se deriva de la información del modelo climático global MPI-ESM-MR con una resolución espacial de 1.875° x 1.875° a resolución diaria. Estas series de tiempo se utilizaron para reconstruir el espacio de fase mediante el método de los retardos (Method of Time-Delay), que encuentra los valores apropiados del tiempo de retardo ?? (˜4) y la dimensión del plano de fase m (˜6) para capturar la dinámica del atractor. Esta información fue utilizada para calcular los exponentes de Lyapunov y evaluar la presencia de caos determinístico. Posteriormente, se crea un modelo predictivo basado en la sincronización general de los dos sistemas dinámicos y la función del parámetro µ de los vecinos falsos mutuos más próximos. Finalmente, se comparan mediante diferentes medidas del error los resultados obtenidos con otras técnicas de reducción de escala estadística. Como resultados de esta investigación se obtienen: la identificación de un intervalo de acumulación óptimo para la predictibilidad del sistema dinámico (5 días), la identificación de la leve presencia de sincronización entre los sistemas dinámicos y una técnica de reducción de escala adecuada para valores medios.

The evolution of the microstructure and properties of ageable Al-Si-Zn-Mg alloy during the recycling of milling chips through powder metallurgy

Pulido-Suárez, P.A. | 2020

Although long/continuous metallic chips are easily recycled by melting, this is not the casefor discontinuous milling chips. The present study aimed to reduce waste generation andto facilitate the use of this byproduct in order to obtain a metallic-oxide composite. Chipswere collected after machining Al-Si-Zn-Mg alloy parts, and powders were obtained throughgrinding processes. Grinding was performed at 45, 69, and 94 h, with grinding bodies/chipsvolume ratios of 6:1, 8:1, 10:1 and 12:1. The resulting powders were characterized by scanningelectron microscopy, laser granulometry, and X-ray diffraction. After grinding, the parti-cles were compacted and sintered, and hardness was evaluated. It was found that metallicpowder is formed through plastic deformation, hardening, fracture, and dynamic recrystal-lization. It was possible to obtain samples with lower apparent density and higher hardnessby powder metallurgy from Al-Si-Zn-Mg alloy chips than from the bulk. Powder was obtainedafter grinding, and samples were obtained by compacting and sintering. The higher hard-ness value was attributed to the presence of Al2O3formed in the particles during grinding,which acts as a second reinforcing phase in the sintered samples, and as a retardant ofintermetallic phase growing

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The Response of Manicaria saccifera Natural Fabric Reinforced PLA Composites to Impact by Fragment Simulating Projectiles

Porras Holguin, Niyireth Alicia | 2017

This chapter presents the impact behavior of a recently developed green composite material made of Manicaria saccifera natural fabric reinforced Poly-Lactic Acid (PLA). Composite coupons made of PLA and Manicaria saccifera fabric were produced by compression molding using the film stacking method. The composite ballistic limit (V50) was determined by subjecting PLA/Manicaria coupons, of varying lay-ups and thicknesses, to ballistic impact loading using fragment simulating projectiles (FSPs) according to the MIL-STD-662F standard. It was found that coupons with areal densities between 0.2 and 0.3 g/cm2 displayed a V50 between 50 and 70 m/s. Also, it was found that the V50 increased nonlinearly as a function of coupon thickness, but it does not depend on the composite stacking sequence. Finally, the energy absorbed by the material at impact on complete penetrations is uniform and independent of the striking velocity, whereas for partial penetrations increases exponentially.

The Retail Location Problem Under Uncertain Demand

Ramírez Pico, Cristian David | 2017

We study the problem of a retailer facing uncertainty on the demand. The main objective is to maximize his pro t by optimizing the inventory policy and sales, also considering the option to open new selling points. We propose an integrated framework to jointly optimize the strategic and tactical decisions. First, we formulate a deterministic optimization problem (with demand known in advance) and we analyze its outcomes. The optimal solution is not satisfying because it suffers from being anticipative. Secondly, multi-stage stochastic optimization is considered. We formulate the problem in three different versions with increasing complexity. The fi rst version considers a single retailer (SRLP) and ignores the strategic decision for opening a new selling point. We solve it by stochastic dynamic programming and we discuss results. Second and third versions are: a N-retailer (NRLP) case where transshipments between retailers are possible; a case where opening decisions of retailers might be made only at the beginning of the time span. Here we propose a new resolution method gathering Stochastic Dual Dynamic Programming and Progressive Hedging algorithms.

The state of knowledge on technologies and their use for fall detection: A scoping review

Cruz, Antonio miguel | 2018

Globally, populations are aging with increasing life spans. The normal aging process and the resulting disabilities increase fall risks. Falls are an important cause of injury, loss of independence and institutionalization. Technologies have been developed to detect falls and reduce their consequences but their use and impact on quality of life remain debatable. Reviews on fall detection technologies exist but are not extensive. A comprehensive literature review on the state of knowledge of fall detection technologies can inform research, practice, and user adoption.

Theorem Proving Modulo Based on Boolean Equational Procedures

Rocha, Camilo | 2008

Deduction with inference rules modulo computation rules plays an important role in automated deduction as an effective method for scaling up. We present four equational theories that are isomorphic to the traditional Boolean theory and show that each of them gives rise to a Boolean decision procedure based on a canonical rewrite system modulo associativity and commutativity. Then, we present two modular extensions of our decision procedure for Dijkstra-Scholten propositional logic to the Sequent Calculus for First Order Logic and to the Syllogistic Logic with Complements of L. Moss. These extensions take the form of rewrite theories that are sound and complete for performing deduction modulo their equational parts and exhibit good mechanization properties. We illustrate the practical usefulness of this approach by a direct implementation of one of these theories in Maude rewriting logic language, and automatically proving a challenge benchmark in theorem proving.

Todas las definiciones son un promedio

Meléndez Acuña, Alfonso | 2017

A friend once gave me a cartridge belt that read "Art is more important than math". My first reaction was to write with a "not" marker between "is" and "more". However, the fundamental question was what is "art" and what is "math". The exercise of defining any of the two words is to average conceptions and in this way to restrict. Generally, when asked what art is, most people seek to relate it to techniques such as painting or sculpting, or to concepts such as what is beautiful or aesthetic (whatever that means); However, in the effort of humanity to develop a sense of individual identity, we have begun to confuse even our own definitions. Usually, people associate mathematics with statistics, engineering, science, and restrict their definition of use, excluding everyday life and its wide implementation possibilities.

Toma de decisiones en empresas pequeñas que combinan varias actividades económicas. Construcción de un tablero de control

Sánchez Retiz, Carlos Alberto | 2019

La toma de decisiones es una destreza importante para el éxito de los negocios; sin embargo, en las pequeñas empresas donde los gerentes cumplen múltiples roles, se toman decisiones sin soporte en herramientas técnicas, descartando métodos de gestión estratégica, pues no son prioritarios, llevándolos a cometer errores en las estrategias adoptadas. Esta situación es más compleja aun cuando el negocio combina varias actividades económicas. Desde este punto de vista, es importante dotar a los pequeños empresarios con una guía estratégica que les permita hacer seguimiento al negocio y mejorar el nivel de asertividad en la toma de decisiones. Para tal fin, en este estudio se diseñó un modelo de tablero de control basado en el Balanced Scorecard, el cual fue construido a partir de la revisión de casos de implementación en empresas pertenecientes a franquicias, comercializadoras de alimentos e importadoras de productos. Para lograr el resultado final se combinaron los objetivos con alcance similar, obteniendo una guía de objetivos estratégicos en las perspectivas financiera, de clientes, procesos internos y aprendizaje y conocimiento. Los hallazgos sugieren que, efectivamente, los ejecutivos pueden modelar estrategias para su negocio, a partir de la combinación de indicadores típicamente usados por diferentes empresas pertenecientes al mismo sector industrial, permitiéndoles conocer cómo se pueden obtener ventajas competitivas sobre los demás actores del mercado.

Tool Interoperability in the Maude Formal Environment

Durán, Francisco | 2011

We present the Maude Formal Environment (MFE), an executable formal specification in Maude within which a user can seamlessly interact with the Maude Termination Tool, the Maude Sufficient Completeness Checker, the Church-Rosser Checker, the Coherence Checker, and the Maude Inductive Theorem Prover. We explain the high-level design decisions behind MFE, give a summarized account of its main features, and illustrate with an example the interoperation of the tools available in its current release.

Towards a Maude Formal Environment

Durán, Francisco | 2011

Maude is a declarative and reflective language based on rewriting logic in which computation corresponds to efficient deduction by rewriting. Because of its reflective capabilities, Maude has been useful as a metatool in the development of formal analysis tools for checking specific properties of Maude specifications. This includes tools for checking termination, confluence, and inductive properties of rewrite theories. Nevertheless, most of these tools have been designed to work in isolation, making it difficult, for instance, to exchange data between them and inconvenient to switch between their environments. This paper presents the Maude Formal Environment (MFE), an executable formal specification in Maude within which a user can interact with tools to mechanically verify properties of Maude specifications. One important aspect of this work is that the MFE has been designed to be easily extended with tools having highly heterogeneous designs whilst creating synergy among them. As a proof of concept, we report on the integration of five commonly used formal analysis tools for Maude specifications into MFE and illustrate their interoperability with an example.

Towards a measuring framework for knowledge creation in smart cities

Ceballos-Zuluaga, Andrea | 2020

This article investigates the implications of general models of smart sustainable cities (SSC) on the indicators and measurement frameworks that we use to study them. We first investigate the mainstream theory of SSC and their corresponding measurement frameworks. From the analysis, we show that such frameworks do not address the dynamic behaviour of cities. We then explore knowledge based smart sustainable cities, as an alternative theory of SSC, and investigate the measurement frameworks derived from this theory. We show that, despite having a different approach, these measurement frameworks still depend on static indicators and promote static view of the city. We then conjecture that this is due to fussy definitions of knowledge and incomplete investigations of the implications of latest theories of knowledge over the structure and strategy of smart cities. Finally, we propose a set of premises and principles that will improve the theory of Knowledge based smart sustainable cities (KBSSC) and show how this new definition will affect the design of indicators and measurement frameworks in a KBSSC.

Towards a Smart Farming Platform: From IoT-Based Crop Sensing to Data Analytics

Cadavid, Héctor | 2018

Colombia is a country with a huge agricultural potential, thanks to its size and geography diversity. Unfortunately, it is far from using it efficiently: 65% of its farmland is either unused or underused due to political problems. Furthermore, vast of Colombian agriculture is characterized - when compared with other countries - by low levels of productivity, due to the lack of good farming practices and technologies. The new political framework created by the recently signed peace agreement in this country opens new opportunities to increase its agricultural vocation. However, a lot of work is still required in this country to improve the synergy between academia, industry, agricultural experts, and farmers towards improving productivity in this field. Advances in smart-farming technologies such as Remote Sensing (RS), Internet of Things (IoT), Big Data/Data Analytics and Geographic Information Systems (GIS), bring a great opportunity to contribute to such synergy. These technologies allow not only to collect and analyze data directly from the crops in real time, but to extract new knowledge from it. Furthermore, this new knowledge, combined with the knowledge of local experts, could become the core of future technical assistance and decision support systems tools for countries with a great variety of soils and tropical floors such as Colombia. Motivated by these issues, this paper proposes an extension to Thingsboard, a popular open-source IoT platform. This extended version aims to be the core of a cloud-based Smart Farming platform that will concentrate sensors, a decision support system, and a configuration of remotely controlled and autonomous devices (e.g. water dispensers, rovers or drones). The architecture of the platform is described in detail and then showcased in a scenario with simulated sensors. In such scenario early warnings of an important plant pathogen in Colombia are generated by data analytics, and actions on third-party devices are dispatched in consequence.

Towards Real-Time Semantics for a Distributed Event-Based MOP Language

Sanabria, Mateo | 2018

This paper investigates rewriting logic as a suitable means to model the semantics of distributed and concurrent systems implemented using Monitoring Oriented Programming (MOP) frameworks. MOP tools close the gap between specification and implementation, allowing several formal specifications and concrete implementations to be combined into a single executing system. To address real-time monitoring of modern distributed applications, we recently proposed REAL-T, a reactive event-based distributed programming language with explicit support for distributions and time manipulation. REAL-T allows programmers to instrument distributed applications to monitor and enforce specific behavior. It also supports requirements of modern reactive applications (responsiveness, resiliency, elasticity and asynchronous communication). The REAL-T programming model is very flexible, making the semantic specifications very challenging.