Análisis de estructuras

Uribe Escamilla, Jairo | 1991

Microcomputadores en ingeniería estructural

Uribe Escamilla, Jairo | 1995

El impresionante desarrollo de las computadoras personales ha causado un impacto profundo en los procedimientos de análisis y diseños de estructuras. Si bien esto ha facilitado enormemente su cálculo mediante el uso de programas comerciales muy poderosos, se corre el riesgo de que los utilicen ingenieros sin la experiencia suficiente que les permita detectar posibles errores en los resultados. Ello se debe, en su mayoría, al aplicar equivocadamente el modelo matemático utilizado en dichos programas a estructuras que no cumplen los supuestos involucrados. Es por eso que los códigos de diseño de la mayoría de lo países exigen como lo hace en Colombia la norma AIS 100-95, que cuando se utilicen procedimientos de cálculo electrónico sea obligación del ingeniero conocer a fondo los fundamentos bajo los cuales se desarrollaron los programas utilizados y las suposiciones que el programa utiliza internamente, con sus correspondientes limitaciones. Microcomputadoras en ingeniería estructural fue escrito con ese propósito.

Los puentes metálicos: su historia y la experiencia colombiana

Uribe Escamilla, Jairo | 1996

Análisis de estructuras

Uribe Escamilla, Jairo | 2000

Esta es la segunda edición revisada y actualizada de esta magnífica obra que trata los fundamentos de la teoría de estructuras y los métodos tradicionales para el análisis de todo tipo de estructuras reticulares, y el aprendizaje de las técnicas de análisis tradicionales y modernas. Hace énfasis en los conceptos fundamentales de la ingeniería estructural y en el estudio de los métodos más adecuados para cada tipo de problema. Gran parte del libro está dedicada al análisis matricial, que constituye la herramienta más apropiada para el análisis de estructuras utilizando computadores.

Modelos estructurales: Gran incentivo para aprender el comportamiento estructural

Uribe Escamilla, Jairo | 2005

Aciem frente a los exámenes de calidad de la Educación Superior - ECAES de Ingeniería. Algunos modelos de flexibilidad curricular en América Latina. Apertura de Ingeniería Química en la Universidad de Cartagena: innovación en flexibilidad e integralidad curricular. Atomatización y mecatrónica en la educación. Bodegas de datos: instrumento fundamental para la autoevaluación con miras a la acreditación. Competencias en emprendimiento y liderazgo: necesidad o mito en la formación del ingeniero. De lo abstracto de un modelo curricular a lo práctico de un plan de estudios. Determinación de competencias profesionales en diez especialidades de la ingeniería. Diseño curricular en la formación de tecnólogos e ingeneiros bajo la modalidad de ciclos propedéuticos. Efectos de la acreditación en las instituciones y programas de ingeniería en Colombia. El espacio Europeo de Educación Superior y su incidencia en la Educación Superior en Colombia (Programas de Ingenierías). El ingeniero general que Colombia requiere en el marco de la formación por competencias. Elaboración de un currículo basado en competencias. Evaluación de programas de las asignaturas: antesala del logro de la acreditación y calidad educativa. Formación doctoral colombiana en ingeniería vs grupos de investigación y programas nacionales de ciencia y tecnología. Formación y desempeño: retos para el curriculo en ingeniería. ¿Formar ingenieros o tecnólogos?. Identificación de competencias genéricas para profesionales de la ingeniería. La pedagogía del aprendizaje de las ciencias en el ciclo básico de ingeniería. Logística de conocimiento para la gestión de registro calificado. Los ECAES como generadores de dinámicas académicas. Modelo sistémico para la formación de un ingeniero clase mundial en Colombia. Planteamientos generales para el diseño de una propuesta curricular por ciclos propedéuticos. Sistemas y auditorias de calidad en la educación

Explosions and Structural Fragments as Industrial Hazard: Domino Effect and Risks

Ahmed, Mebarki | 2012

This study deals with industrial accidents and domino effects that may occur in an industrial plant, the initial accident being supposed to take place in any of the tanks either under or at atmospheric pressure. This initial sequence might generate sets of structural fragments, fire balls, blast waves as well as critical losses of containment (liquid and gas) that threaten the surrounding facilities and may cause serious damages. The structural fragments, the blast wave and the fire ball can be described following database and feedback collected from past accidents. The vulnerability of the potential targeted tanks is investigated in order to assess the risk of propagation of the first sequence of industrial hazard. Cascading sequences of accidents, explosions and fires can take place, giving rise to the domino effect. This risk of domino effect occurrence is investigated herein. The interaction and the behavior of the targets affected or impacted by the first explosion effects are described by adequate simplified mechanical models: perforation and penetration of metal fragments when they impact surrounding tanks, as well as global failure such as overturning, buckling, excessive bending or shear effects, etc. Sensitivity analysis is performed thanks to Monte Carlo simulations: the probability of impact and risk of failure of target tanks are reported. A comparison between risks due to blast wave and fragments impacts is performed.

Propiedades mecánicas y de durabilidad de concretos con agregado reciclado

Bojacá Castañeda, Néstor Raúl | 2013

El reciclaje del concreto es un asunto que se encuentra hasta ahora en una etapa preliminar de investigación en Colombia. Por ello, este estudio busca aportar elementos de juicio importantes para determinar la viabilidad del uso de agregado reciclado como alternativa en obras de construcción y motivar su fomento. Estos elementos de juicio comprenden no solo los aportes bibliográficos que a nivel mundial en la propia Colombia se encuentran sobre el tema, sino además, mediante ensayos comparativos determinar, por un lado, las propiedades mecánicas y de otra parte, la durabilidad del concreto elaborado con agregado reciclado, aspecto último que se ha abordado en muy pocas investigaciones.

Domino Effects and Industrial Risks: Integrated Probabilistic Framework – Case of Tsunamis Effects

Mebarki, Ahmed | 2013

This paper presents an integrated probabilistic framework that deals with the industrial accidents and domino effects that may occur in an industrial plant. The particular case of tsunamis is detailed in the present paper: simplified models for the inundations depths and run-ups as well as their mechanical effects on industrial tanks. The initial accident may be caused by severe service conditions in any of the tanks either under or at atmospheric pressure, or triggered by a natural hazard such as earthquake, tsunami or extreme floods for instance. This initial event generates, in general, a set of structural fragments, a fire ball, a blast wave as well as critical losses of containment (liquid and gas release and loss). The surrounding facilities may suffer serious damages and may also be a new source of accident and explosion generating afterwards a new sequence of structural fragments, fire ball, blast wave and confinement loss. The structural fragments, the blast wave form and the features of the fire ball can be described following database and feedback collected from past accidents. The surrounding tanks might be under or at atmospheric pressure, and might be buried or not, or protected by physical barriers such as walls. The vulnerability of the potential targets should therefore be investigated in order to assess the risk of propagation of the accidents since cascading sequences of accidents, explosions and fires may take place within the industrial plant, giving rise to the domino effect that threatens any industrial plant. The present research describes the risk of domino effect occurrence. The methodology is developed so that it can be operational and valid for any industrial site. It is supposed to be valid for a set of sizes, forms and kinds of tanks as well as a given geometric disposal on the industrial site. The interaction and the behavior of the targets affected or impacted by the first explosion effects should be described thanks to adequate simplified or sophisticated mechanical models: perforation and penetration of metal fragments when they impact surrounding tanks, as well as global failure such as overturning, buckling, excessive bending or shear effects, etc. The vulnerability analysis is detailed for the case of tanks under the mechanical effects generated by tsunamis.

Propiedades mecánicas, eléctricas y de durabilidad de concretos con agregados reciclados

Laverde Laverde, Jorge Alejandro | 2014

The purpose of this master's degree in Civil Engineering, with emphasis on structures, was to evaluate the behavior of concrete with the replacement of coarse aggregate by aggregates of recycled concrete (ACR); this behavior was evaluated by evaluating some of the electrical, mechanical and durability properties of the mixtures made with this material. The ACR used in the different mixtures of the tests, was produced from the crushing of concrete specimens which had been tested in the laboratory of the Colombian School of Engineering. 8 different mixtures were evaluated with four different contents of recycled aggregates ( 0%, 25%, 50% and 100%) and two values ​​of water / cement ratio (0.5 and 0.6). Among the properties analyzed are the compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, resistivity, impedance, ultrasonic pulse velocity, chloride ion permeability, carbonation and sortividad.Los results of the tests clearly indicated that in the mixtures with higher percentage of recycled aggregate, the results of the modulus of elasticity and the resistance to compression are lower than for concrete with natural aggregate. The compressive strength of a concrete with 100% ACR has an estimated reduction of 20% to 25%, compared to a conventional concrete. At the same time, the electrical and durability properties measured by resistivity, impedance, yield and chloride ion permeability tests are affected by the increase in the percentage of recycled aggregate and the water / cement ratio.

Rigidez de una conexión de columna-cimentación para estructuras de Guadua angustifolia Kunth

Lamus Báez, Fabián Augusto | 2014

Una de las limitantes que encuentran los ingenieros estructurales para el diseño de una edificación y, en general, de cualquier estructura en Guadua angustifolia Kunth es la falta de información técnica relacionada con los parámetros necesarios para realizar un adecuado modelo numérico de esta. El grado de empotramiento que puede brindar un apoyo al elemento estructural que soporta es una variable importante durante la modelación estructural, debido a que el criterio del ingeniero en la selección de este parámetro para la modelación puede incidir en la rigidez de la estructura y, por tanto, en su periodo de vibración. En este artículo se presentan los resultados experimentales de la constante de rigidez de una conexión entre una columna de Guadua angustifolia Kunth y un elemento de concreto que forma parte de la fundación, cuando la columna está solicitada a cargas laterales monotónicas. Adicionalmente, se ha evaluado la incidencia de cada uno de los componentes de la conexión en la rigidez de la estructura.

Vulnerability and Resilience under Effects of Tsunamis: Case of Industrial Plants

Mebarki, Ahmed | 2014

The resilience approach represents a unified and integrated framework for the restoration process following disasters. Under given resilience parameters values, a resilient system is able to recover and be strengthened within a defined recovery period; otherwise, it is a non-resilient system. This paper considers different structures and focuses on several parameters which govern resilience together with their mechanical vulnerability under various hazards. A new method of theoretically measuring resilience, its link with mechanical vulnerability and its sensitivity analysis are investigated for industrial plants under the effects of flood and tsunami hazards: -Coastal industrial plants under the effects of a tsunami hazard: structural failure in tanks results from buoyancy (uplift), overturning, sliding by shear effect, excessive bending, or buckling. -Vulnerability and fragility curves are developed for various tanks of small and large sizes.

Propuesta de adaptación del documento ASCE/SEI31-03 “Evaluación Sísmica De Edificaciones Existentes”

López Palomino, Paulo Marcelo | 2014

This document presents a proposal to adapt the standard ASCE / SEI31-03 "Seismic Evaluation of Existing Buildings" of the American Society of Civil Engineers, to provide an evaluation methodology of existing buildings in Colombia. This methodology contains the evaluation procedure of buildings of various structural systems with materials such as: wood, masonry, steel and reinforced concrete; it also determines and progressively analyzes, and with incremental complexity, the possible deficiencies presented by structural, non-structural elements, foundations and geological risks, through the evaluation of resistance, rigidity, structural configuration and basic details of ductility. In this way, there will be tools for choosing the rehabilitation procedure based on the improvement of the seismic performance of the building. Considering that in Colombia the existing information for evaluation and subsequent seismic rehabilitation does not provide a prescriptive orientation to evaluate the existing constructions, it is necessary to contribute to the enrichment of the elements contained in the Colombian earthquake-resistant construction regulation -NSR-10- through a proposal to adapt document ASCE / SEI31-03 "Seismic Assessment of Existing Buildings"

Utilización de agregado grueso de concreto reciclado en elementos estructurales de concreto reforzado

Arriaga Tafhurt, Libardo Enrique | 2014

Connection between a Column and its Foundation for Guadua Angustifolia Structures under Lateral Loads

Andrade Pardo, Sofía | 2015

In Colombia, as in other developing regions, social housing shortage related problems has led local authorities to propose low cost housing projects that allow its quickly and easy construction. Among the requirements of this type of construction are solicitations for vertical and lateral loads caused by wind or earthquake forces, as well as the sustainable use of natural resources Considering this, the use of Guadua angustifolia Kunth (Guadua a.) as a structural material has awaken a great interest, considering its renewability, high-speed growth, ecological benefits and because is easily obtainable all across the country. Due to the lack of additional information, structural joints in this type of materials, are usually pinned, assuming that there is no moment transmission between the different elements, however, some types of connections can partially restrict the rotation in the supports. Additionally, the degree of constrain that any support can provide to the column is a variable that has not been studied enough, despite being essential for modeling and structural design.In this work a connection between a column of Guadua a. and its foundation was studied. The influence of each component on the connection behavior under horizontal loads was assessed, testing seven different configurations. Monotonic and dynamic testing of connections as well as the characterization of the materials used in its construction were included in the experimental schedule. It was determined that the presence of mortar grouting together with the use of longitudinal bolts slightly increases the connection strength as drastically reduce its ductility. The use of transversal bolts is the best alternative to obtain a strong, stiff and ductile connection, especially when are combined with the use of hoops.

Estudio de la influencia de la restricción en la fisuración por contracción plástica en losas de concreto con agregados reciclados y uso de micro-fibras

Zafra Torres, Paola Andrea | 2015

Se realizó un programa experimental para investigar la fisuración por contracción plástica en losas de concreto con agregados reciclados, (ACR) en muestras de 1,00 m x 0,60 m x 0,08 m, relación agua cemento 0,50, y tres contenidos diferentes de agregados reciclados (0%, 50% y 100%). Se utilizaron dos tipos de formaletas, si y con restricción lateral, la cual es provista por ganchos de acero rígido de diámetro 5 mm a manera de pestañas fijados mediante soldadura a lo largo de todo el perímetro a una altura de 5 cm desde el fondo de la formaleta y con una separación de 10 cms entre ellos. La Escuela Colombiana de Ingeniería “Julio Garavito” cuenta con un túnel de viento, en el cual se expusieron las losas a velocidades de viento de 8 km/h, 18 km/h y 30 km/h, las variables de temperatura y humedad relativa del aire fueron variables medidas en laboratorio, y por pruebas experimentales se determinó el porcentaje óptimo de microfibra de nylon para el control de la figuración por contracción plástica en las losas con restricción lateral. Se realizaron ensayos de tiempo de fraguado obteniéndose el fraguado inicial para muestras sin exposición a viento de 3.5 horas, reduciéndose al aumentar la velocidad del viento, por lo cual se realizaron las pruebas con exposición al viento durante 5 horas (tiempo en el cual se presenta la contracción plástica del concreto). Se analizó que las losas con mayor porcentaje de agregado reciclado (ACR), presentaron mayor fisuración que las losas con agregados naturales (AN). Adicionalmente la velocidad del viento incrementa la tasa de evaporación de agua en concretos con agregados naturales (AN), mientras que para concretos con mayores contenidos de agregados reciclados (ACR) la tasa de evaporación de agua está influenciada por la velocidad del viento y en menor incidencia la absorción del agregado reciclado (ACR). Adicionalmente, se realizaron pruebas para analizar la dosificación de microfibras para el control de la fisuración en losas de concreto con restricción lateral y con agregados reciclados (ACR) determinándose que es mayor que la requerida para losas de concreto con agregados naturales (AN).

Evaluation of the Permeation Properties of Concrete Added with a Petrochemical Industry Waste

Torres Castellanos, Nancy | 2015

In this work, the evaluation of the performance of concrete added with a petrochemical industry waste called Fluid Catalytic Cracking Catalyst residue (FCC) from a Colombian petroleum company is presented. Results of this concrete are compared, with the results of concrete added with a pozzolan with similar characteristics such as the Metakaolin (MK). The analysis of the pozzolanic materials included the determination of the particle size, the pozzolanic activity, and the chemical and mineralogical composition. Different percentages of FCC were used as Portland cement replacement in proportions of 0, 10, 20 and 30 %; similarly concrete added with 20 % of MK as replacement was elaborated. The curing time was 28, 56, 90 and 180 days. These concretes were evaluated through the permeation properties such as: total absorption, porosity, surface absorption and capillary absorption. Results showed that concrete with FCC and MK had similar behavior, and slightly superior than the control sample. The total absorption and porosity were less than 3 % and 10 % respectively for the all of the samples; it means that these concretes had good quality and compactness. The results of surface absorption and capillary absorption showed that these concretes had low permeability too. This behavior is enhanced with the curing age.

Natural hazards, vulnerability and structural resilience: tsunamis and industrial tanks

Mebarkia, Ahmed | 2016

The paper presents an integrated framework which deals with natural hazards (tsunamis), physical vulnerability modelling, risk of failure for industrial structures (metal structures) and structural resilience provided by plastic adaptation. Simplified models are proposed to describe the run-up and wave height attenuation in case of tsunamis. The results are calibrated in the case of important tsunamis having taken place in Asian region. The mechanical vulnerability of cylindrical metal tanks erected near the shoreline is also investigated. The fragility curves are then developed in order to describe the multimodal failure: overturning, rupture of anchorages and sliding, buoyancy, excessive bending effects or buckling. Corresponding fragility curves are developed under various conditions: height of tsunami waves, filling ratios and service conditions of the tanks, friction tank/ground as well as dimensions effects. Probabilistic description of the natural hazard and the fragility curves are presented. Sensitivity analysis is also performed in order to investigate the effect of various governing parameters. Furthermore, resilience concepts and metrics are proposed. Theoretical description of the damages and post-disaster recovery functions are discussed: plastic adaptation as well as elastic and plastic attractors.

Usos y aplicaciones del plástico PEAD reciclado en la fabricación de elementos estructurales para construcción de vivienda en Colombia

Sierra Jiménez, Jorge Andrés | 2016

Desde sus inicios y en el futuro próximo el plástico ha transformado y transformará la calidad de vida de la humanidad pero la acumulación de residuos en botaderos, océanos, espacios públicos, reservas ambientales y zonas comunes es una preocupación global, por lo que el reciclaje es la forma más rápida y fácil para contribuir a la sostenibilidad de los ecosistemas del mundo. Mediante esta investigación se estudia la factibilidad técnica del uso de material plástico polietileno de alta densidad (PEAD) reciclado en la fabricación de elementos estructurales para la construcción de vivienda en Colombia y también se estudia una posible solución al déficit de accesibilidad a vivienda para personas de bajos recursos y en caso de emergencia, mediante la construcción rápida de viviendas sostenible a base de plástico reciclado PEAD (prPEAD). Se estudia el material tomando muestras de especímenes fabricados, especímenes unitarios y el conjunto de éstos formando elementos estructurales a los cuales se les determina propiedades físicas, se realizan ensayos a compresión, tensión, flexión, carga lateral horizontal paralela al plano y perpendicular al plano del elemento y se estudia el comportamiento de una vivienda de 6,33 x 6,33 m fabricada con elementos de prPEAD y uniones pernadas con láminas metálicas bajo carga horizontal.

Mechanical Performance of Concrete with Waste from Oil Industry

Torres Castellanos, Nancy | 2016

In this paper, the mechanical properties of concrete with an added residue of the petrochemical industry (at levels of 10, 20, 30%), called catalytic cracking catalyst residue (FCC), are evaluated. The mechanical properties evaluated include compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, flexural strength, and ultrasonic pulse velocity. Two reference materials, portland cement concrete without addition and added with 20% of metakaolin (MK), were used. These tests were performed up to 360 days of curing age. Based on the results obtained, correlations were established between the different properties evaluated. The best mechanical performance was obtained with 10% FCC as a cement replacement.

Educación e investigación en Colombia de arquitectura en tierra

Ruiz Valencia, Daniel Mauricio | 2016